I ‘cut my teeth’ shooting news & current affairs in the late ’80s and early ’90s. In those ancient times the decision as to which format to shoot was joyously simple compared to that faced by today’s owner-operators because the overwhelmingly dominant format was Sony’s Betacam SP (In the UK only TV-am and Anglia Television had opted for Panasonic’s M-II format which although technically superior arrived too late for the majority who had committed to Betacam SP). Pretty much every broadcaster, production company and facilities house was able to cope with Betacam SP format. 
When it came to choosing a camcorder there was also only a handful to choose from and in essence they all featured 2/3″ camera heads. The lower cost (c£25,000) camcorders utilised IT (Interline transfer) CCDs which exhibited vertical smearing when exposed to bright highlights such as direct sun, car headlights, street lights etc.., whilst the more expensive cameras (c£36,000) incorporated FIT (Frame Interline Transfer) CCDs which eliminated the issue almost completely as well as variable shutter speed so that you could eliminate frame rolling when shooting computer screens. Every so often an updated camera head with improved performance and additional features was introduced but the recording format remained the same.
Today the situation is completely different: There are more HD codecs, sensor sizes, media types and camera manufacturers than you can shake a stick at! Some broadcasters insist on their HD content being recorded at a 50Mb/s (or higher) data rate and image sensors of at least 1/2″ in size, others ‘approve’ a handful of 1/3″ cameras that record at 50Mb/s. External recorders can often be used to gain broadcast approval for certain cameras whose sensors and signal processing meet broadcast requirements but their internal recording falls short of the 50Mb/s bar and of course there are several external recorders to choose from, including the Cinedeck Extreme, Convergent NanoFLASH & Gemini, AJA KiPro & KIPro mini and more… In a nutshell, It’s complicated.
So, if you’re looking to invest in your own camera kit today is there a universally acceptable camera that’s the modern equivalent to a mid-1990s Betacam SP or DigiBeta?
On the face of it, this is the question we posed twelve months ago where we concluded that either the Panasonic AJ-HPX3100 or the Sony PMW-500 are ideal candidates for the vast majority of ENG, Documentary and corporate work. 
However, over the last year or so many producers have developed a seemingly insatiable appetite for footage derived from large sensor cameras that can deliver a shallow depth of field for use in controlled situations such as interviews, pop promos, commercials and dramas. As a result the producers themselves are now frequently requesting the use of specific cameras for their projects in order to help create the aesthetic ‘look’ that they want to achieve.
At the low to mid price range these cameras usually include (in price ascending order) the Canon EOS 7D, EOS 5D Mark II, Panasonic AG-AF101, Sony NEX-FS100, PMW-F3 and the new Canon C300 which started shipping at the end of January 2012.
Large sensor cameras can deliver beautiful pictures with the kind of shallow DoF (Depth of Field) often associated with 35mm film so it’s not surprising that they’re in strong demand and have become established as an essential part of every camera operator’s tool kit.
But before we get carried away and sell our ENG camera in order to replace it with a large sensor camera it’s worth noting that these cameras should be treated as specialist ‘Digital Cinematography’ cameras rather than a replacement for a full size ENG style camera such as a Sony PMW-500. This is for a variety of reasons, by no means least of which is that a shallow DoF is not always appropriate and should be used sparingly. There’s a common misconception that all feature films are full of shallow focus and that everything looks better with a blurred foreground / background – But watch almost any feature film and you’ll notice that the majority of scenes contain a deep depth of field so that the audience can see not only the subject but the detail of the location too! Shallow depth of field is reserved for occasional dramatic close-ups where all attention needs to be on the main subject(s).
An example of inappropriate use of a shallow depth of field would be a presenter PTC (piece to camera) in a news piece or documentary where the background is so soft that the viewer can’t tell where the person is!
A shallow DoF can also be a distinct disadvantage when trying to attain critical focus in live situations. This is because it’s far more difficult to define and track moving objects maintaining critical focus when using a large sensor camera.
It’s worth noting that Sony have recently launched an 18x servo zoom lens (the SCL-Z18X140) which can be operated by the integral zoom rocker on their PMW-F3, it has a slow aperture of T/3.8 at its wide end. Light transmission is not constant throughout the zoom range, worsening to T/6.5 at full telephoto… Whilst this lens does greatly increase the versatility of the F3, making it the only large sensor camcorder that could be used ENG style, the fact is that if you need to shoot ENG style even an F3 with an SCL-Z18X140 is not in the same league as a PMW-500 equipped with a ‘proper’ HD Broadcast ENG-style lens like the latest Canon HJ22 or HJ14. If you haven’t experienced one of these lenses on a full size ENG camera then you should do so at the first opportunity!
Because a large sensor camera is no match for the combined ergonomics, performance and lens options of a 2/3″ ENG camera we’ve established that a serious camera operator is going to need at least 2 cameras in their armoury… A versatile full size shoulder-mount ENG style 2/3″ camera for the majority of shooting and then a large sensor camera on stand-by for creatively composed scenes where a shallow DoF adds aesthetic value to the production (or maybe saves a fortune in creating a highly detailed set!).
But that’s not all!
10 or so years ago compact handheld camcorders were (how can I put this nicely?) crap… If the main camera was Betacam SP any B-Roll footage from a DVCAM format PD150 intercut with it would stand out like a sore thumb. Today there are many compact handheld camcorders that deliver pristine full HD images that are difficult for an untrained eye to distinguish from those sourced from a full size camera! Whilst the ergonomics & lens of a compact camera aren’t a match for a full size unit these cameras are essential for use on occasions where you need to be discrete, looking more like a tourist than a pro, getting shots in places where obtaining official permission as media would be a red-tape nightmare…

So your third camera could be a Canon XF105, A JVC GY-HM150E or perhaps a Sony HXR-NX70E. Any of these is good enough to act as a B-Roll camera or a backup in the event that you have a problem with your main camera. The 24Mb/s AVCHD based Sony has the advantage of being rain & dust proof so you can shoot in conditions that would ‘kill’ other cameras, whereas the Canon can record internally at a Broadcaster-friendly 50Mb/s … The JVC records at 35Mb/s and is equipped with a 3-CCD sensor which avoids any CMOS sensor derived rolling shutter effects…
And then there were three!
The fourth decision is minicams. Every owner-operator should have a minicam or two as part of their kit because on occasion they will deliver a unique POV (point of view) shot that adds incredible production value. GoPro’s simple but robust HD Hero is under £300, comes with an underwater housing and mounting kit and captures remarkably good full HD images onto SD card media! For something a bit more sophisticated yet still simple to operate then a Sony HXR-MC1P is just the ticket, thanks to its remote head with 10x zoom, 2.4m cable and remote monitoring / control and recording in full HD AVCHD onto SD / MS Pro Duo cards.
And finally…
If you have the urge or need to grab shots in places where filming is not normally allowed then slip a pair of Sony DEV-5K 3D (&2D) recording binoculars into your bag. You won’t look like a cameraman (or woman) at all and you’ll get away with filming at stations, airports etc… See our short reeview ‘Technomorphosis”
In summary
If I had to invest in only one camera it would be either a PMW-500 or an HPX3100 as for me these are by far the best all-rounders… However, as the cost of cameras has fallen, manufacturers have developed new models to fill almost every possible niche and as a result our audiences expect far more. One camera really is not enough these days!
Buying 5 or so cameras may sound excessive but it’s interesting to note that if you buy one from each category above you may still spend less than I did on a Beta SP kit around 20 years ago!
One last thing: Let’s not overlook that the most important factor in creating the ‘look’ is the camera operator!